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翻译资格考试需注意四大翻译原则

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翻译资格考试需注意些什么呢?今天小编给大家带来了翻译资格考试需注意四大翻译原则,希望可以帮助到同学们。下面小编就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。

翻译资格考试需注意四大翻译原则

考生在翻译动宾短语的时候,应先考虑宾语的成分。宾语可能为名词、名词词组和句子。不同成分的宾语决定了谓语的使用。比如在以下例子中“希望”的选择面很大,既可以用hope连接句子,也可以用hope for,look forward to等连接名词词组,那么考生就得考虑宾语更容易翻译成词组或句子。因此,动宾连接原则的核心思想是“先宾语,后谓语”,翻译会豁然开朗。

中国人民始终希望天下太平,希望各国人民友好相处。

The Chinese people are always looking forward to global peace and friendship among all nations.

The Chinese people are always hoping that the world is at peace and people of all nations will coexist friendlily.

一、时态原则

时态在翻译中比不像想象中那么简单,往往是考试中的一个难点。时态有时可以体现一种感情因素,特别是进行时的使用,比如在第一个例子中现在进行时的使用体现出对中华民族的一种褒扬、赞美的口吻,翻译出了这句话的“精、气、神”,最后一个例子中过去进行时时常表示一种“特有的行为”,通常是偏向于negative的口吻,所以我们发现这句话十有八九是美国人自己写的。

中华民族历来爱好自由和和平。

The Chinese people have always been cherishing freedom and peace.

The Chinese people always cherish freedom and peace.

The Chinese people are always cherishing freedom and peace.

中国过去是、现在是、将来是……

China was and remains to be …

中国人民更深感自由与和平的珍贵。

The Chinese people have cherished freedom and peace than ever.

届时,……

At that time, ……

到2007年,上海市人均国内生产总值预计达到7500美元。

By 2007, the per capita GDP in Shanghai is expected to reach US$7500.

从而我们可能要生活在一个根本无法掌控的经济体制中。

As a result we were going to be living in a fundamentally unmanaged economic system.

毕竟中国、古巴等一些在人权委员会中受到以美国为首批评的国家,总是投票或游说反对美国政府。

After all, China and Cuba and other targets of U.S. –led criticism in the committee were always going to vote and lobby against Washington.

二、主语确定原则

由于英语是主语显著语(subject-prominent language),构建在主谓轴(subject-predicate pivot)上,主语决定了句法结构;汉语为语义性语言,其中主语的重要性相对较低,无主语的现象比比皆是。因此在汉英转化中最重要的就是确定主语,主语选择成功了,句子越翻越顺;选择失败,考生越翻越累。主语的确定归根结底有三种方法:使用原主语;重新确定主语;增补主语。

这一目标的实现,最直接的应该是老百姓住得更宽敞了,更舒服了。

The citizens will live more spaciously and comfortably, benefiting most directly from achieving the goal.

然而,持自由论观点的民众和少数民族反对一切美国公民必须随身携带身份证的规定,他们结成联盟,推翻了立法的最初几次草案中关于实施全国统一身份证的主张。

The idea of a national ID, however, was locked out of earlier drafts of legislation by a coalition of civil rights and ethnic groups, who opposed a requirement that all non-citizens carry identifying documents.

其实,撇开数学,绕过那一大堆公式,一门学科的基本思想还是可以被我们理解和欣赏的。

To be frank, if we leave aside mathematics and bypass the abundant formulas, the basic principles of the discipline (of science) are understandable and appreciable.

无论是外人入境,或是文化入侵,政府都已无能为力。

They cannot control who crosses their borders either physically or culturally.

从地雷禁用条款到京都防止气候变暖条约等一些列问题,美国政府总是对国际舆论置若罔闻,使得这些(倒戈)国家越来越失望/懊恼。

They have been increasingly chagrined by Washington’s tendency to ignore the international consensus on issues ranging from the use of land mines to the Kyoto climate change treaty.

三、谓语最小化原则

在汉译英中,动词的考察是必然的。其中动词和其他成分的转换也是重中之重。如果考生把所有的动词都翻译成动词的话,只能说明其还属于“入门”境界。因此在第一个例子中共出现7个动词,而在译文中只保留了4个动词。所以我们在翻译中一定要注意动词和其他词性的转换,常见减少谓语的方法有:

a) 把动词变成名词

b) 使用介词短语

c) 使用分词短语

d) 多使用to表示目的的状语

e) 把并列谓语中最后一个谓语处理成“,which”的非限制性定语从句

虽然以上这些方法从本质上讲都是些小打小闹的“噱头”,但是不重视谓语的省略一定不会取得理想的成绩。

今年的亚太经济贸易合作组织会议将主要侧重两个方面:一是加强亚太经合组织成员之间的合作,共同应对可能出现的经济衰退,重树信心;二是继续推进亚太经合组织贸易投资自由化进程,推动世界贸易组织尽早开始新一轮谈判。

The APEC meeting in this year will focus mainly on two aspects: one is on strengthening the cooperation among all APEC members to cope with the possible economic recession with rebuilt-up confidence; the other is on promoting the liberalization of trade and investment among all APEC members for the start of a new round of negotiations by WTO.

显然,许多美国的传统支持国家没有投票支持美国,以此对美国奉行单边主义表示不满。

Many traditional U.S. supporters clearly withdrew their votes to signal displeasure over U.S. unilateralism.

四、动宾换序原则

在英译汉中,遇上特别长的宾语,初学者总是根据语法习惯亦步亦趋地处理主、谓、宾,结果造成庞大的宾语,头轻脚重,特别不符合汉语的习惯,汉语之所以不喜欢宾语从句,在于汉语喜用主谓短句,对于较长的宾语,一般有两种处理方式:一是把谓语变成直接能够接宾语的表达形式,如react to不必翻译成“对…作出反应”,可变成“面对…”,这种方法在口译中常常出现,因为口译往往无暇考虑句式的大变动;二是把宾语先译出,然后再译出主谓,如第一个例子,或使用谓语的相反含义,再接上原主语,如第二个例子,sustain表示“决定了”,那反义短语就是“取决于”。

The rest of the world will have to react to this millennial economic shift to Asia, and to the rising power of China.

在新千年,经济重心将向亚洲转移,中国将迅速崛起,世界其他地区将不得不对此做出反应。

The project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of the university.

研究生是否存在,大学是否存在资金偿还能力,这些都取决于项目预算。

翻译资格考试高级口译模拟试题

Crime control is a pretty complex question, the first step, of course, is deterrence to stop people from committing crime in the first place. That involves the economy. Are there enough jobs for everyone? There should be. And social structure, are there enough support system? And so on. When people are convicted, and put in prison, then the goal should be to have reform programs inside prisons. So they want person comes out, they don’t return to a life of crime. If the education program and drug treatment program have been cut, convicted criminals are not being reformed.

译文:如何控制犯罪率是一个十分复杂的问题。首先,当然要防止犯罪行为的发生。包括从经济方面来说,是否有足够的工作提供给所有人?这个是应该要保证的;从社会机构来说,是否有足够的社会保障体系?等等。而一旦人们犯了罪,被关进监狱了,那么监狱里就需要有改造计划,可以让这些人出狱之后,不再回到犯罪生涯。如果停掉教育计划和毒品治疗方案,那就无法对这些犯人就行改造了。

评析:本篇段落翻译选自2008年春季高口的听力原文,这就暗示了广大口译考生,历年的听力原文等材料是平时训练的重要资源,平时多积累,考试的时候方可胸有成竹。

本篇段落关注的是一个常见的社会问题——如何控制犯罪率。段落给出了两点建议,一个是要防患未然;二是在对犯人实施改造计划。内容对考生来说应该并不陌生,语速也较为平缓,作为两段翻译的的第二段,在难度上是可以接受的。

本段词汇较为常见。注意deterrence,意是“威慑,制止”,这里考生也可将名词转译为动词,译为“防止犯罪行为的发生”;另外,convict这个单词意为“判…有罪”,convicted criminals指“囚犯,犯人”。

段落的句子结构较为简单。考生只需注意这个长句:When people are convicted, and put into prison, the goal should be to have reform programs inside prisons, so that when the person comes out, they don't return to a life of crime. 这个句子虽长,但只要理解语义,理清分句之间的逻辑关系,如when引导的是从句,the goal 后面的内容是主句,so that作的是目的状语。划分好结构,再按句子本身的语序进行翻译就可以了。

总体而言,本篇英译中难度适中,主题也不偏颇另类,考生在平时注意对社会问题的积累,多进行真题练习,把握好时间和心态,相信会顺利完成翻译。

翻译资格考试高级口译模拟试题

Mass urbanization of the world’s population is an unprecedented trend worldwide. The most important reason why people are moving to cities is economic. People are moving to the cities because that’s where they can find jobs and earn money. Until the 20th century, the major source of employment, full and part-time, was farming. Now, according to recent statistics, no more than 15 percent of all jobs are connected to farming. Jobs now are being created in information technology, manufacturing and service areas, such as tourism and financing, and all of these new jobs are in or around major cities.

译文:世界人口大规模的城市化在世界范围内达到史无前例的规模。驱使人们不断涌向城市的最重要原因是经济因素。人们都涌向城市是因为在城里可以找到工作和挣钱。在20世纪以前,就业的主要途径,不管是全职还是兼职,一直都是农耕。而现在,根据最近的统计数据,只有不到15%的工作是和农业相关的。越来越多的工作产生于信息技术产业、制造业和服务行业,如旅游业和融资,而所有这些新兴工作都在大城市及其周边地区。

评析:本题是高口热点话题“城市化”,在07年9月的高口NTGF部分也涉及到过城市化的问题,前一题的句子翻译S2也提到了“人们搬进大城市的原因,是追求高品质的生活”,而这里主要围绕工作展开。考查词汇都在大纲范围内,像urbanization, manufacturing等都属于常见热词,考生在平时对这些词汇有所积累,翻译起来并不难。相对passage 2, 这段话稍微有点长,这也提醒考生注意平时多练习听写记笔记,熟悉常考话题,这样在考试时才能拿高分。

翻译资格考试高级口译模拟试题

虽然导致不平等的原因很多,但我们可以大体上把它们分为三类。一类是社会条件或家庭出身,例如在中国,与出生于贫困农村的人们相比,一个出生在大城市的人通常拥有更多的收入和更好的社会处境。另外一类是自然天赋,有些人天生聪明或健壮,有些人则天生愚笨或孱弱,前者一般也会比后者拥有更多的收入并处于更好的状况。最后一类是抱负和努力程度,在其他条件相同的情况下,更有抱负和更努力的人们通常也会有更多的收入。

The causes of inequality are many and varied, and may be broadly grouped into three factors. The first is social condition or family background. In China, for example, someone born and bred in the city usually earns a higher income and enjoys better social services. The second is aptitude. The cleverer or stronger ones usually earn more and enjoy better conditions than the lesser endowed. The final one is ambition and diligence. All things being equal, someone who aims higher and works harder often earns more.

翻译资格考试高级口译模拟试题

从1750年以来,世界进行了四次工业革命:第一次就是英国工业革命,中国失去了机会。第二次是十九世纪下半叶美国的工业革命,中国也同样失去了机会。第三次工业革命,是20世纪后半叶出现的信息革命。当时中国的领导人敏锐地认识到了这一重大历史变化,中国抓住了这次信息革命的重大机遇。

进入二十一世纪,人类迎来了第四次工业革命——绿色工业革命。可以说这一次全球减排,就是绿色工业革命的标志。我们希望这一次工业革命中国要成为领导者、创新者和驱动者,和美国和欧盟和日本站在同一起跑线上领导这场革命。今后中国领导人面临两大迫切问题:一是如何实现中国经济转型,即从高碳经济转向低碳经济;二是如何参与全球治理,即从国家治理转向地区治理、全球治理。

Since 1750, the world has seen four industrial revolutions. The first one took place in Britain; and China missed the boat. The second one occurred in the latter half of the 19th century; and China missed the boat. The third one was driven by the revolution in communication technology in the second half of the 20th Century. This time, Chinese leaders realized that it was a historic moment of change, and China caught the wave.

The 21st century is receiving the Fourth Industrial Revolution-the Green Revolution, symbolized by this global move to reduce emission. This time, we hope that China can be the innovator, the leader and driver running head-to-head with the U.S., Europe and Japan. To achieve this, China has to accomplish two things transition from a high carbon economy to a low carbon economy; second, participation in global governance. i.e., to shift its focus from national governance to regional and global governance.


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